Modeling the Iberian thermal lithosphere. Geodynamic implications and perspectives on deep geothermal studies

Abstract

Renewable energy sources are crucial for achieving a transition to a cleaner energy system. Geothermal energy, in particular, is a promising source of energy production. However, its effectiveness depends on a thorough understanding of temperature distribution, fluid circulation, and lithological and petrophysical properties of the crust. Over the past two decades, several methodologies and numerical codes have been developed to better understand the properties of the thermal lithosphere, including its temperature, density, and composition. In this presentation, we summarize the major advances in these developments and discuss their geodynamic implications in the Iberian Peninsula and surrounding regions. Based on available thermal modelling results, we present a compilation of the temperature distribution at different depths in the Iberian Peninsula and the thermal Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary. At a depth of 5 km, temperatures exceed 110°C, with higher local anomalies in the Iberian Massif and Cenozoic volcanic provinces. Similar patterns are observed at depths of 10 and 20 km, with temperatures exceeding 190°C and 350°C, respectively. Although no lithospheric anomalies are observed that could produce high temperatures at shallow depths, there is significant potential for exploitation at intermediate depths. Overall, the potential for direct use of geothermal energy for district and greenhouse heating, as well as for industrial processes, is significant throughout the Peninsula. The main challenges in exploiting this potential are the availability of groundwater and the cost of drilling.