Olive Biology

Abstract

The olive is a medium-sized evergreen tree, which integrates a unique set of morphological and developmental characteristics suited to the relatively dry, rustic conditions of its Mediterranean origin. Also particular to the olive tree are its numerous small fruits, which are rich in oil that is highly appreciated for both flavor and health benefits. The Olea europaea species includes both wild and cultivated forms, and both a long period of domestication and the perseverance of wild varieties provide a range of morphological variation, as does the developmental plasticity of this species. This chapter reviews the general growth and taxonomy of the olive tree and describes its vegetative and reproductive morphology and anatomy. Basic structural features of the trunk and branches, leaves, roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds are described. Current research is indicated for the structures discussed, and information provided regarding adaptive significance, environmental influences, and genetically based variability among cultivars or between wild and cultivated genotypes.