Influence of age, gender and iris color on mechanical and chemical sensitivity of the cornea and conjunctiva

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of age, gender and iris color on the mechanical and chemical sensitivity of the cornea and the conjunctiva. In 57 healthy subjects (27males, 30 females; ages between 23 and 71 years), sensory thresholds to mechanical and chemical stimulation were measured in the central cornea and the temporal conjunctiva using a Belmonte's gas esthesiometer. Mechanical stimulation consisted of warmed air pulses of 3 s duration at different flow rates (40–200 ml/min). For chemical (acidic) stimulation, 3-s warmed gas pulses containing 10% to 80% CO2 in air were applied, at a flow below mechanical threshold flow. Corneal and conjunctival thresholds to mechanical and chemical stimuli increased with age. Premenopausal women were more sensitive to corneal stimulation than men of similar ages but overall differences in mechanical and chemical threshold between men and women were not significant. Individuals with blue eyes had significantly lower corneal chemical thresholds than those with brown or green eyes. Multiple linear regression analysis evidenced that corneal mechanical threshold depends on age and iris color according to the equation 58.2 ml/min + 1.3 · (Age − 23 years) −9.7 if blue eyes. For chemical threshold, the equation was 28.6%CO2 + 05 · (Age − 23 years) − 12.5 if blue eyes. In the case of the conjunctiva, only age determined mechanical and chemical thresholds according to the equations: 78.2 ml/min + 1.4 · (Age − 23 years) and 41.6%CO2 + 0.8 · (Age − 23 years), respectively. Therefore, normal values of mechanical and chemical thresholds of the cornea and conjunctiva measured with the Belmonte gas esthesiometer can be predicted according to age and iris color. Variations of sensitivity with age, iris color and gender may reflect differences in innervation density and neural responsiveness associated with the hormonal status.