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Título:	Sustainable materials and biorefinery chemicals from agriwastes
Autor:	Martín-Luengo, María Ángeles CSIC ORCID ; Yates Buxcey, Malcolm; Plou Gasca, Francisco José CSIC ORCID ; Sáez Rojo, Eduardo CSIC; Martínez Serrano, Ana María CSIC; Díaz Fernández, María; Vega Argomániz, Lorena; Medina Trujillo, Laura; Nogales, S.; Lozano Pirrongelli, Rafael
Fecha de publicación:	2012
Editor:	InTech
Citación:	Resource Management for Sustainable Agriculture(Cap.3): 49-83 (2012)
Serie:	Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Resumen:	Countries with economies based on agriculture generate vast amounts of low or null value wastes which may even represent an environmental hazard. In our group, agricultural industrial wastes have been converted into value added liquid substances and materials with several aims: decreasing pollution, giving added value to wastes and working in a sustainable manner in which the wastes of an industry can be used as the raw materials of the same or others, as the “cradle to cradle” philosophy states [1]. Sub-products from the agricultural food industry are being employed as renewable low cost raw materials in the preparation of Ecomaterials, designed for use in a number of industrial processes of great interest. Given their origin, these materials may compete with conventional ones since with this process a sustainable cycle is closed, in which the residues of one industry are used as raw materials in the same or other industries [2]. With regards to the composition of the residues produced from agriculture, the pH of soil is of great importance, since plants can only absorb the minerals that are dissolved in water and pH is mandatory for the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and the main cause of many agronomic questions related to nutrient assimilation [3-5]. Variations of pH modify the solubility of most elements necessary for the development of crops and also influence the microbian activity of soil, which will affect the transformation of elements that are liberated to the soil and can be assimilated to form crops or not [3]. For example at pH lower than 6 or higher than 8 bacterian activities are lowered, the oxidation of nitrogen to nitrate is reduced and the amount of nitrogen available for plant food is decreased. However Al, Fe and manganese are more soluble at low pHs, reaching even toxic concentrations. Potassium and sulphur are easily adsorbed at pH higher than 6, calcium and magnesium between 7 and 8.5 and iron at pH lower than 6. For alkaline pH in soil, the availability of H2PO4-can be reduced through precipitation of phosphorous containing salts withcations such as calcium Ca2+ or magnesium Mg2+. However when soils have acid pH other compounds with HPO42-and iron (Fe2+), aluminium (Al3+) and manganese (Mn2+) can form, with increased solubility. The main factors that influence soil pH are the mineral composition and how it meteorizes, the decomposition of organic matter, how nutrients are partitioned among the solution and aggregates and of course the pluviometryof the zone and atmospheric contamination.Lower pHs are found in places with high pluviometry, with high organic matter decomposition, young soils developed on acid substrates, and places with high atmospheric contamination (acid rain). Depending on the species, crops can benefit from calcareous soils with high calcium carbonate content such as alfalfa, but other plants prefer soils with acid pH such as potatoes, coffee or tobacco. It is clear that different seasons will produce plants with a varying composition depending on the atmospheric conditions and therefore the materials derived from them need to be characterised and analysed to determine their possible uses.
Descripción:	This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al.
Versión del editor:	http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50551
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/10261/63671
DOI:	10.5772/50551
Identificadores:	doi: 10.5772/50551 isbn: 978-953-51-0808-5
Aparece en las colecciones:	(ICMM) Libros y partes de libros (ICP) Libros y partes de libros