Recovery and Community Succession of the Zostera marina Rhizobiome after Transplantation

Abstract

Seagrasses can form mutualisms with their microbiomes that facilitate the exchange of energy sources, nutrients, and hormones and ultimately impact plant stress resistance. Little is known about community succession within the belowground seagrass microbiome after disturbance and its potential role in the plant's recovery after transplantation. We transplanted Zostera marina shoots with and without an intact rhizosphere and cultivated plants for 4 weeks while characterizing microbiome recovery and effects on plant traits. Rhizosphere and root microbiomes were compositionally distinct, likely representing discrete microbial niches. Furthermore, microbiomes of washed transplants were initially different from those of sod transplants and recovered to resemble an undisturbed state within 14 days. Conspicuously, changes in the microbial communities of washed transplants corresponded with changes in the rhizosphere sediment mass and root biomass, highlighting the strength and responsive nature of the relationship between plants, their microbiome, and the environment. Potential mutualistic microbes that were enriched over time include those that function in the cycling and turnover of sulfur, nitrogen, and plant-derived carbon in the rhizosphere environment. These findings highlight the importance and resilience of the seagrass microbiome after disturbance. Consideration of the microbiome will have meaningful implications for habitat restoration practices.IMPORTANCE Seagrasses are important coastal species that are declining globally, and transplantation can be used to combat these declines. However, the bacterial communities associated with seagrass rhizospheres and roots (the microbiome) are often disturbed or removed completely prior to transplantation. The seagrass microbiome benefits seagrasses through metabolite, nutrient, and phytohormone exchange and contributes to the ecosystem services of seagrass meadows by cycling sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon. This experiment aimed to characterize the importance and resilience of the seagrass belowground microbiome by transplanting Zostera marina with and without intact rhizospheres and tracking microbiome and plant morphological recovery over 4 weeks. We found the seagrass microbiome to be resilient to transplantation disturbance, recovering after 14 days. Additionally, microbiome recovery was linked with seagrass morphology, coinciding with increases in the rhizosphere sediment mass and root biomass. The results of this study can be used to include microbiome responses in informing future restoration work.