Vitamin D represses retinoic acid-dependent transactivation of the retinoic acid receptor-β2 promoter: The AF-2 domain of the vitamin D receptor is required for transrepression

Abstract

Retinoic acid (RA)-dependent activation of the RA receptor β2 (RARβ2) gene in embryonal carcinoma cells is mediated by binding of retinoid receptor heterodimers (RAR/RXR) to a RA response element (RARE) located closely to the TATA box. We have analyzed the effect of vitamin D on the response of the RARβ2 promoter to RA in pituitary GH4C1 cells that coexpress receptors for retinoids and vitamin D. Incubation with vitamin D markedly reduced the response to RA caused by transcriptional interference of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) on the RARE. This DNA element binds VDR/RXR heterodimers with high affinity, and these inactive heterodimers can displace active RAR/RXR from the RARE. Overexpression of RXR in GH4C1 cells, as well as incubation with BMS649 (a RXR-specific ligand), increased the inhibitory effect of vitamin D, suggesting that the VDR/RXR heterodimer is the repressive species and that titration of RXR is not responsible for this inhibition. Although DNA binding could be required for full potency of the inhibitory activity of VDR, it is not absolutely required because a truncated receptor (VDR Δ1-111), lacking the DNA binding domain, also displays repressor activity. Furthermore, the ability to mediate transrepression by vitamin D was strongly decreased when a mutant VDR in which the last 12 C-terminal aminoacids have been deleted (VDR ΔAF-2) was used. Because this region contains the domain responsible for ligand-dependent recruitment of coactivators, titration of common coactivators for VDR and RAR could be involved in the inhibitory effect of vitamin D. In agreement with this hypothesis, overexpression of E1A, which can act as a RARβ2 promoter-specific coactivator, significantly reversed repression by vitamin D.