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Título: | Analysis and optimisation of a novel ‘almond-refinery’ concept: Simultaneous production of biofuels and value-added chemicals by hydrothermal treatment of almond hulls |
Autor: | Remón, Javier CSIC ORCID; Latorre Viu, Javier CSIC; Matharu, Avtar S.; Pinilla Ibarz, José Luis CSIC ORCID ; Suelves Laiglesia, Isabel CSIC ORCID | Palabras clave: | Almond hulls Hydrothermal treatment Biorefinery Bio-fuels Value-added chemicals |
Fecha de publicación: | 3-oct-2020 | Editor: | Elsevier BV | Citación: | Science of the Total Environment 765: 142671 (2021) | Resumen: | For the first time, this work investigates the achievability of developing a biorefinery concept around almond hulls by hydrothermal treatment (HTT), thoroughly scrutinising the influence of the temperature (200–300 °C), pressure (100–180 bar), time (20–180 min) and solid loading (5–25 wt%). This process allowed the conversion of almond hulls into four main products: gas (2–13%), bio-oil (2–12%), aqueous (4–69%) and hydro-char (17–89%). The gas consisted of a mix of H2, CO2, CO and CH4 with a LHV fluctuating from 1 to 13 MJ/m3 STP. The bio-oil comprised a mixture of alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, furans, benzenes and nitrogen compounds with a HHV between 21 and 31 MJ/kg. The solid product resembled an energetic hydro-char material (HHV 21–31 MJ/kg), while the aqueous effluent comprised a mixture of value-added chemicals, including saccharides and small oxygenated compounds. The production of biofuels can be maximised at 256 °C and 100 bar, using a 5 wt% solid loading for 157 min, conditions at which 43% of the original feedstock can be converted into an elevated energy-filled bio-oil (11% yield, 30 MJ/kg), along with a high energetic hydro-char (32% yield, 29 MJ/kg). Regarding value-added chemicals, up to 10% of the almond hulls can be converted into a bio-oil with a high proportion (45%) of phenolic species at 250 °C and 144 bar with a solid loading of 5 wt% for 167 min. In comparison, a sugar-rich (81 C-wt%) solution can be produced in high yield (54%), by treating a 24 wt% suspension at 252 °C and 180 bar for 153 min. Therefore, the versatility, novelty and intrinsic green and holistic nature of this ‘almond-refinery’ concept exemplify a landmark achievement in future energy and chemicals production from biomass, which might help render the complete bio-refinery for almond hulls more cost-effectively and ecologically feasible. | Descripción: | 13 figures, 3 tables.-- Supplementary material available.-- © 2020. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ | Versión del editor: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142671 | URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/222032 | DOI: | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142671 | ISSN: | 0048-9697 |
Aparece en las colecciones: | (ICB) Artículos |
Ficheros en este ítem:
Fichero | Descripción | Tamaño | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|---|
HTT Almond Hulls STE-2nd revision-unmarked-proof.pdf | Artículo principal | 5,48 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizar/Abrir |
1-s2.0-S0048969720362008-mmc1.docx | Información suplementaria | 161,34 kB | Microsoft Word XML | Visualizar/Abrir |
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