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Campo DC | Valor | Lengua/Idioma |
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dc.contributor.author | López-Arce, Paula | - |
dc.contributor.author | García-Guinea, Javier | - |
dc.contributor.author | García Fierro, José Luis | - |
dc.date.accessioned | 2008-10-17T13:14:03Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2008-10-17T13:14:03Z | - |
dc.date.issued | 2002-11-13 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | The Science of the Total Environment | en_US |
dc.identifier.issn | 0048-9697 | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/7882 | - |
dc.description | 8 pages.-- Printed version published on 20 Jan 2003. | en_US |
dc.description.abstract | Romans, Jews, Arabs and Christians built the ancient city of Toledo (Spain) with bricks as the main construction material. Manganese micro-nodules (circa 2 μm in diameter) have grown under the external bio-film surface of the bricks. Recent anthropogenic activities, such as, industrial emissions, foundries or traffic and housing pollution have further altered these old bricks. The energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyses (XPS) of micro-nodules shows Al, Si, Ca, K, Fe and Mn, with some carbon species. Manganese atoms are present only as Mn4+ (pyrolusite phase, MnO2) and iron as Fe3+ (FeOOH-Fe2O3 mixtures). The large concentration of algae biomasses of the River Tagus and the Torcón and Guajaraz reservoirs suggest manganese micro-nodules are formed either from water solutions rich in anthropogenic MnO4K in a reduction environment (from Mn7+ to Mn4+) or by oxidation mechanisms from dissolved Mn2+ (from Mn2+ to Mn4+) linked to algae biofilm onto the ancient brick surfaces. Ancient wall surfaces were also studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Chemical and biological analyses of the waters around Toledo are also analysed for possible sources of manganese. Pyrolusite micro-nodules on ancient brick walls are good indicators of manganese pollution. | en_US |
dc.description.sponsorship | The Spanish DGICYT PB98-0501 and European PNICYDT 1FD97-0959-C03-01 projects supported the work. | en_US |
dc.format.extent | 465076 bytes | - |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | - |
dc.language.iso | eng | en_US |
dc.publisher | Elsevier | en_US |
dc.rights | openAccess | en_US |
dc.subject | Heritage preservation | en_US |
dc.subject | Brick alterations | en_US |
dc.subject | Manganese micro-nodules | en_US |
dc.subject | Biofilms | en_US |
dc.subject | XPS | en_US |
dc.subject | XRD | en_US |
dc.subject | SEM-EDS | en_US |
dc.title | Manganese micro-nodules on ancient brick walls | en_US |
dc.type | artículo | en_US |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00398-4 | - |
dc.description.peerreviewed | Peer reviewed | en_US |
dc.relation.publisherversion | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00398-4 | en_US |
dc.type.coar | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 | es_ES |
item.openairetype | artículo | - |
item.grantfulltext | open | - |
item.cerifentitytype | Publications | - |
item.openairecristype | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_18cf | - |
item.fulltext | With Fulltext | - |
item.languageiso639-1 | en | - |
Aparece en las colecciones: | (IGE) Artículos (MNCN) Artículos (ICP) Artículos |
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MnBrick_definitivo.pdf | 454,18 kB | Adobe PDF | Visualizar/Abrir |
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