The decoded information from the Hc-4 molar in Equus stenonis requires renewing the Linnaeus paradigm

Abstract

Owing to the uncertainties and anomalies that are historically constants in the Linnaean paradigm, it happens that the phylogenetic data obtained from crown molars, although these morphologies are inherited, have a complementary scientific value with regard to the biochemical data. The Hc¿4 molar (Betic Cordillera, Spain) is analyzed in order to obtain new data using two techniques. Its crown wear section is a biomineralized embryonic morphology (retrogerminative technique), and its enamel line draws hexagonal marks (superimposition technique). These data are the foundations of the mitosis area loop development hypothesis during morphogenesis. The tooth structure is a germination process of the embryonic dermal masses (mitosis areas), and in relationship to (1) the moment they were born during loop process, (2) size, and (3) location when they constitute a specific cusps crown when they are petrified by an enamel mantle. In conclusion, Linnaean characteristics (morphology) are associated with two parameters: frequency percentage with which the cusps are inherited and their functional role. This parameters group is called ¿Biological Nature¿. The Reference Series in each molar is the biological nature values group positioned in linear order. The Reference Series of each linnaean holotype imply phylogenetic relationships using similarity percentages and the Linnaean uncertainties disappear from the phylogeny. If I express phenotype with the reference series and also the genotype (DNA) is displayed with a numerical sequence, then it happens that we have two numerical sequences and between them exist cause and effect relationship