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Título: | Diquat Derivatives: Highly Active, Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Optical Chromophores with Potential Redox Switchability |
Autor: | Coe, Benjamin J.; Fielden, J.; Harris, James A.; Helliwell, Madeleine; Brunschwig, Bruce S.; Asselberghs, Inge; Clays, Koen; Garín, Javier CSIC; Orduna, Jesús CSIC ORCID | Fecha de publicación: | 2010 | Editor: | American Chemical Society | Citación: | Journal of the American Chemical Society 132(30): 10498-10512 (2010) | Resumen: | In this article, we present a detailed study of structure−activity relationships in diquaternized 2,2′-bipyridyl (diquat) derivatives. Sixteen new chromophores have been synthesized, with variations in the amino electron donor substituents, π-conjugated bridge, and alkyl diquaternizing unit. Our aim is to combine very large, two-dimensional (2D) quadratic nonlinear optical (NLO) responses with reversible redox chemistry. The chromophores have been characterized as their PF6− salts by using various techniques including electronic absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Their visible absorption spectra are dominated by intense π → π* intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) bands, and all show two reversible diquat-based reductions. First hyperpolarizabilities β have been measured by using hyper-Rayleigh scattering with an 800 nm laser, and Stark spectroscopy of the ICT bands affords estimated static first hyperpolarizabilities β0. The directly and indirectly derived β values are large and increase with the extent of π-conjugation and electron donor strength. Extending the quaternizing alkyl linkage always increases the ICT energy and decreases the E1/2 values for diquat reduction, but a compensating increase in the ICT intensity prevents significant decreases in Stark-based β0 responses. Nine single-crystal X-ray structures have also been obtained. Time-dependent density functional theory clarifies the molecular electronic/optical properties, and finite field calculations agree with polarized HRS data in that the NLO responses of the disubstituted species are dominated by ‘off-diagonal’ βzyy components. The most significant findings of these studies are: (i) β0 values as much as 6 times that of the chromophore in the technologically important material (E)-4′-(dimethylamino)-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate; (ii) reversible electrochemistry that offers potential for redox-switching of optical properties over multiple states; (iii) strongly 2D NLO responses that may be exploited for novel practical applications; (iv) a new polar material, suitable for bulk NLO behavior. | URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/52580 | DOI: | 10.1021/ja103289a | Identificadores: | doi: 10.1021/ja103289a issn: 0002-7863 e-issn: 1520-5126 |
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