Enhancement of plant growth, acclimatization, salt stress tolerance and verticillium wilt disease resistance using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) associated with plum trees (Prunus domestica)

Abstract

Plants interact with a great variety of microorganisms that inhabit the rhizosphere playing critical roles in several aspects of plant growth and protection against abiotic and biotic diseases. In this study, we performed a screening of bacteria associated with the rhizosphere of Prunus domestica trees to identify bacterial strains with plant growth-promoting activity. Ten strains isolated from the rhizosphere of P. domestica showed multiple in vitro plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) activity such as the production of indole acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, solubilization of phosphates and antifungal activity against Verticillium dalhiae and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis. In planta, they significantly increased the growth (stem length, number of leaflets, leaf area and root weight) and biochemical (nitrate reductase activity, proline and chlorophyll content) parameters of tomato, as well as the rate of seed germination. Two selected strains (Pr7 and Pr8) with higher antagonistic activity against V. dalhiae and F. oxysporum f.sp. melonis protected tomato plants against Verticillium wilt and salt stress. In addition, they enhanced acclimatization of Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot noir and the peach root stock GF305 from in vitro to the greenhouse. 16S rRNA sequencing identified strains Pr7 and Pr8 as Pseudomonas stutzeri and Bacillus toyonensis, respectively. Since these two PGPR inoculants exhibited multiple traits beneficial to the examined host plants, they may be applied in the development of safe, and effective seed treatments as an alternative to chemical fungicides and fertilization but also for successful acclimatization of micropropagated plants.