Unusual endoscopic findings in an immunosuppressed patient

Abstract

Immunosuppressed patients are susceptible to infections by opportunistic agents such as Leishmania that could cause visceral leishmaniasis with gastrointestinal involvement in up to 10 % of cases.

We report a 41-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection stage C3 with CD4 lymphocytes 81/mm3, 4,070 leukocytes (47.2 % lymphocytes, 0.0 % eosinophils, rest of differential normal) treated with antiretroviral therapy (dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine) with good adherence. He also reported mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis type-1, hepatocutaneous porphyria, and a 7-year history of recurrent visceral leishmaniasis treated with liposomal amphotericin B as secondary prophylaxis. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy indicated for chronic diarrhea and anemia performed 5 years ago displayed antral erythema, mild nodular appearance in the duodenal mucosa, and normal colonic mucosa. Gastric, duodenal, and colonic biopsies revealed Leishmania spp despite treatment with liposomal amphotericin B.

A video capsule endoscopy (VCE) was now indicated for persistent diarrhea. Enteropathy with atrophic and patchy, marked edema of the villus, and whitish nodularity with a “river bedrock” appearance ([Fig. 1 – 3]) in the duodenum and jejunum were identified ([Video 1]). Further gastric and duodenal biopsies showed an accumulation of macrophages in the lamina propria of the mucosa with intracytoplasmatic Leishmania spp ([Fig. 4]). Treatment with meglumine antimoniate was initiated owing to previous failure with liposomal amphotericin B, without response.