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Título

The Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Estimates, Patterns, and Threats

AutorColl, Marta CSIC ORCID ; Piroddi, Chiara CSIC ORCID; Steenbeek, Jeroen CSIC ORCID; Kaschner, Kristin; Ben Rais Lasram, Frida; Aguzzi, Jacopo CSIC ORCID ; Ballesteros, Enric CSIC ORCID ; Bianchi, Carlo Nike; Corbera, Jordi; Dailianis, Thanos; Danovaro, Roberto; Estrada, Marta CSIC ORCID ; Froglia, C.; Galil, Bella S.; Gasol, Josep M. CSIC ORCID ; Gertwagen, Ruthy; Gil, João CSIC ORCID ; Guilhaumon, François; Kesner-Reyes, Kathleen; Kitsos, Miltiadis-Spyridon; Koukoras, Athanasios; Lampadariou, N.; Laxamana, Elijah; López-Fé de la Cuadra, Carlos María; Lotze, Heike K.; Martin, Daniel CSIC ORCID CVN ; Mouillot, David; Oro, Daniel CSIC ORCID CVN ; Raicevich, Sasa; Rius-Barile, Josephine; Saiz-Salinas, Jose Ignacio; San Vicente, Carles; Somot, Samuel; Templado, José CSIC ORCID ; Turon, Xavier CSIC ORCID ; Vafidis, Dimitris; Villanueva, Roger CSIC ORCID ; Voultsiadou, Eleni
Fecha de publicación2-ago-2010
EditorPublic Library of Science
CitaciónPlos One 5(8): e11842 (2010)
ResumenThe Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot. Here we combined an extensive literature analysis with expert opinions to update publicly available estimates of major taxa in this marine ecosystem and to revise and update several species lists. We also assessed overall spatial and temporal patterns of species diversity and identified major changes and threats. Our results listed approximately 17,000 marine species occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. However, our estimates of marine diversity are still incomplete as yet—undescribed species will be added in the future. Diversity for microbes is substantially underestimated, and the deep-sea areas and portions of the southern and eastern region are still poorly known. In addition, the invasion of alien species is a crucial factor that will continue to change the biodiversity of the Mediterranean, mainly in its eastern basin that can spread rapidly northwards and westwards due to the warming of the Mediterranean Sea. Spatial patterns showed a general decrease in biodiversity from northwestern to southeastern regions following a gradient of production, with some exceptions and caution due to gaps in our knowledge of the biota along the southern and eastern rims. Biodiversity was also generally higher in coastal areas and continental shelves, and decreases with depth. Temporal trends indicated that overexploitation and habitat loss have been the main human drivers of historical changes in biodiversity. At present, habitat loss and degradation, followed by fishing impacts, pollution, climate change, eutrophication, and the establishment of alien species are the most important threats and affect the greatest number of taxonomic groups. All these impacts are expected to grow in importance in the future, especially climate change and habitat degradation. The spatial identification of hot spots highlighted the ecological importance of most of the western Mediterranean shelves (and in particular, the Strait of Gibraltar and the adjacent Alboran Sea), western African coast, the Adriatic, and the Aegean Sea, which show high concentrations of endangered, threatened, or vulnerable species. The Levantine Basin, severely impacted by the invasion of species, is endangered as well
Descripción35 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables
Versión del editorhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011842
URI10261/26893
DOI10.1371/journal.pone.0011842
ISSN1932-6203(Online)
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