Limitations of somatic embryogenesis in hardwoods trees

Abstract

Several limitations of somatic embryogenesis in mature and selected hardwood tree species hinder application of the process for mass clonal propagation. After many years of research, our understanding of the basic aspects of the process is still very limited. The objective of the present review is to highlight some difficulties in the different steps of somatic embryogenesis in adult hardwood trees. The experimental models, applied to species of the family Fagaceae, will be defined. These models could be used to increase the propagation capacity by applying both organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis together. Application of these experimental models to the study of basic aspects of embryogenesis will be highlighted. The potential use of somatic embryogenesis as a rejuvenation procedure for mature hardwood trees will also be discussed.