K+ efflux antiporters 4, 5 and 6 mediate pH and K+ homeostasis in endomembrane compartments

Abstract

KEA4, KEA5, and KEA6 are members of the Arabidopsis thaliana K+ efflux antiporter (KEA) family that share high sequence similarity, but whose function remains unknown. Here, we show their gene expression pattern, subcellular localization, and physiological function in Arabidopsis. KEA4, KEA5, and KEA6 had a similar tissue expression pattern and the three KEA proteins localized to the Golgi, the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and the pre-vacuolar compartment (PVC)/multivesicular bodies (MVB), suggesting overlapping roles of these proteins in the endomembrane system. Phenotypic analyses of single, double, and triple mutants confirmed functional redundancy. The triple mutant kea4 kea5 kea6 had small rosettes, short seedlings, and was sensitive to low K+ availability and to the sodicity imposed by high salinity. Also, the kea4 kea5 kea6 mutant plants had a reduced luminal pH in the Golgi, TGN, PVC, and vacuole, in accordance with the K/H exchange activity of KEA proteins. Genetic analysis indicated that KEA4, KEA5, KEA6 and endosomal Na+/H+exchanger (NHX) 5 and NHX6 acted coordinately to facilitate the endosomal pH homeostasis and salt tolerance. Neither cancelling nor overexpressing the vacuolar antiporters NHX1 and NHX2 in the kea4 kea5 kea6 mutant background altered the salt-sensitive phenotype. The NHX1 and NHX2 proteins in the kea4 kea5 kea6 mutant background could not suppress the acidity of the endomembrane system but brought the vacuolar pH close to wild-type values. Together, these data signify that KEA4, KEA5, and KEA6 are endosomal K+ transporters functioning in maintaining pH and ion homeostasis in the endomembrane network.