Establishment of shrub species in a degraded semiarid site after inoculation with native or allochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract

The re-establishment of native shrub species in the Mediterranean basin serves to restore the characteristic biodiversity and to prevent the processes of erosion and desertification in semiarid areas. A field experiment was carried out in an abandoned semiarid agricultural Mediterranean area to assess the effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation, with a mixture of native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi or an allochthonous AM fungus (Glomus claroideum), on the establishment of Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris L., Pistacia lentiscus L., Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boissier and Rhamnus lycioides L. seedlings in this area. One year after planting, shoot biomass of inoculated O. europaea and P. lentiscus seedlings was greater, by about 630% and 300%, respectively, than that of non-inoculated plants. Shoot biomass of G. claroideum-colonised R. sphaerocarpa plants was significantly greater than that of seedlings inoculated with the mixed native AM fungi after 12 months. The increase of R. lycioides growth due to inoculation with native AM fungi was significantly greater than that of G. claroideum-colonised seedlings during the same growth period. Inoculation with a mix of native AM fungi was the most effective treatment for increasing shoot biomass and N, P and K contents in shoot tissues of R. lycioides seedlings. The mixture of native AM fungi was the most effective with respect to colonisation of the roots of O. europaea and R. lycioides, but the native AM fungi and G. claroideum achieved similar levels of colonisation in P. lentiscus and R. sphaerocarpa. The use of native mycorrhizal potential as a source of AM inoculum may be considered a preferential inoculation strategy to guarantee the successful re-establishment of native shrub species in a semiarid degraded soil.