Integrated managmente of diseases to reclaim grain legumes in Mediterranean region

Abstract

Legumes are among the most important crops \\ orld\\ id e just behind cereals for both an imal and human comsumptions, being particular! y importan! in Mediterranean agriculture. However, legume acreage in the area is continuously decreasing, whereas it increase in other continents. Yield instabi lit y dueto diseases is one of the reasons for this decline. Legurnes are damaged by a number of diseases and avai lable management methods are scarce or uneconomical. This includes aerial fungi, together with soilborne pathogens associated with foot and root rot complexes, nematodes, parasitic weeds bacteria and viruses. The use of genetic resistance is the most economical and environmentally friendly control method. However, no efficient sources of resistance have been described to sorne diseases, or it is scarce and of complex nature, making necessary the implementation of other control measures. Phenotypic expression of resistance is usually poorly described. Comprehensive studies on host status and virulence of the causal agents are often missing, and in many instances there is little understanding on the existence of races and their distribution. Also, available information on levels of resistance and on the responsible mechanisms is often incornplete. This is a major limitation for any breeding programme. Only after significant input to improve existing knowledge on biology ofthe causal agents as well as on the plant, resistance breeding will be efficiently accelerated. In this contribution relative importance of a number of diseases on legume crops and avai lable management strategies will be critically presented, with a special focus on Mediterranean context. For th is, examples will be given on faba bean, pea and chickpea crops and associated rusts, ascochytas, powdery mildews, wilts and broomrape problems.