Towards Lead-Free Piezoceramics: Facing a Synthesis Challenge

Abstract

The search for electroceramic materials with enhanced ferro-pyro-piezoelectric properties and revealing the perovskite type structure has been the objective of a significant number of manuscripts reported in the literature. This has been usually carried out by proposing the synthesis and processing of new compounds and solid solution series. In this work, several methods to obtain ferro-pyro-piezoelectric families of materials featuring the well-known ABO₃ perovskite structure (or related) such as BaTiO₃, Ba_1–<i>x</i>Ca<i>_x</i>Ti_1–<i>y</i>Zr<i>_y</i>O₃, (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃, (K_0.5Na_0.5)NbO₃ and their solid solutions with different cations either in the A or B positions, are presented. For this kind of materials, the challenge for obtaining a single phase compound with a specific grain size and morphology and, most importantly, with the adequate stoichiometry, will also be discussed. The results reviewed herein will be discussed in terms of the tendency of working with softer conditions, <i>i.e.</i>, lower temperature and shorter reaction times, also referred to as soft-chemistry.