A centennial: Evolution in the understanding of chemical ordering in metallic crystals

Abstract

Many important metallic alloys are characterised by the chemical ordering of their atomic component elements. Examples are beta brass (βCuZn - one of the components of common brass), many of the gold-base alloys used in dentistry, Nickel-Titanium shape memory alloys with superelastic properties (great stretchability, as used for orthodontic wires) and Nickel-Aluminium gamma-prime phase which strengthens superalloys for high-temperature turbines. The figure shown below (Fig. 1) represents such an ordered arrangement of two atomic species (could be copper and gold, or nickel and aluminium) on a face centred cubic lattice. The disordered lattice would have the yellow and blue atoms randomly distributed. While such important materials, the realisation that these crystals are chemically ordered (in contrast to chemically-disordered alloys, such as alpha brass (αCuZn), steels, aluminium alloys, and most other metallic alloys) is a relatively new understanding, being just now one century old. It had been understood for a long time before that crystals contained spatially-ordered atoms, but not that there was chemical order hidden inside. It was only with the development of methods of diffraction of x-rays by crystals that it became possible to recognise and quantify such chemical order.