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Evolution and diversity of copy number variation in the great ape lineage
Sudmant, Peter H.
Prado-Martinez, Javier
Marqués-Bonet, Tomàs
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
European Research Council
National Institutes of Health (US)
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
After six months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported), as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/.-- Sudmant, P.H. et al.
Copy number variation (CNV) contributes to disease and has restructured the genomes of great apes. The diversity and rate of this process, however, have not been extensively explored among great ape lineages. We analyzed 97 deeply sequenced great ape and human genomes and estimate 16% (469 Mb) of the hominid genome has been affected by recent CNV. We identify a comprehensive set of fixed gene deletions (n = 340) and duplications (n = 405) as well as >13.5 Mb of sequence that has been specifically lost on the human lineage. We compared the diversity and rates of copy number and single nucleotide variation across the hominid phylogeny. We find that CNV diversity partially correlates with single nucleotide diversity (r 2 = 0.5) and recapitulates the phylogeny of apes with few exceptions. Duplications significantly outpace deletions (2.8-fold). The load of segregating duplications remains significantly higher in bonobos, Western chimpanzees, and Sumatran orangutans-populations that have experienced recent genetic bottlenecks (P = 0.0014, 0.02, and 0.0088, respectively). The rate of fixed deletion has been more clocklike with the exception of the chimpanzee lineage, where we observe a twofold increase in the chimpanzee-bonobo ancestor (P = 4.79 3 10-9) and increased deletion load among Western chimpanzees (P = 0.002). The latter includes the first genomic disorder in a chimpanzee with features resembling Smith-Magenis syndrome mediated by a chimpanzee-specific increase in segmental duplication complexity. We hypothesize that demographic effects, such as bottlenecks, have contributed to larger and more gene-rich segments being deleted in the chimpanzee lineage and that this effect, more generally, may account for episodic bursts in CNV during hominid evolution. © 2013, Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
P.H.S. is supported by a Howard Hughes International Student Fellowship. T.M.B. is supported by an ERC Starting Grant (260372). T.M.B. is an ICREA Research Investigator (Institut Catala d'Estudis i Recerca Avancats de la Generalitat de Catalunya). This work was supported, in part, by U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant HG002385 to E.E.E., BFU2009-13409-C02-02 to J.P.M., and MICINN (Spain) BFU2011-28549 to T.M.B.
Peer Reviewed
2015-03-17T12:57:14Z
2015-03-17T12:57:14Z
2013
2015-03-17T12:57:14Z
artículo
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
doi: 10.1101/gr.158543.113
issn: 1088-9051
e-issn: 1549-5469
Genome Research 23: 1373-1382 (2013)
http://hdl.handle.net/10261/112532
10.1101/gr.158543.113
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000011
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004837
23825009
Publisher's version
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.158543.113
Sí
open
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press