The type specimens of sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid

The type specimens of sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) housed in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, were examined. Lectotypes are designated and illustrated for the following 32 nominal taxa (preserved in the MNCN collection if not stated otherwise): Tenthredo acutiscutis Konow, 1908; Tenthredo aericeps Konow, 1907; Allantus albipectus Konow, 1907; Athalia bolivari Dusmet, 1896; Tristactus punctatus var . candidatus Konow, 1899; Tenthredo capistrata Konow, 1907; Megalodontes capitalatus Konow 1904 (coll. SDEI); Tenthredo casta Konow, 1908; Clydostomus cestatus Konow, 1908; Miocephala chalybea Konow, 1907 (coll. SDEI); Peus cupreiceps Konow, 1907; Metallopeus cupreolus Malaise, 1945 (coll. NHRS); Allantus dusmeti Konow, 1894 (coll. SDEI); Megalodontes dusmeti Enslin, 1914 (coll. ZSM); Megalodontes escalerai Konow, 1899; Tenthredo flavitarsis Konow, 1908; Sciopteryx galerita Konow, 1907; Tenthredo habenata Konow, 1907; Allantus inguinalis Konow, 1908; Clydostomus merceti Konow, 1908; Megalodontes merceti Konow 1904 (coll. SDEI); Tenthredo mordax Konow, 1908; Megalodontes mundus Konow, 1904; Tenthredo nimbata Konow, 1906; Tenthredo oculissima Konow, 1907; Peus pannulosus Konow, 1907; Tenthredo podagrica Konow, 1907; Arge segmentaria var. rufiventris Konow, 1899; Tenthredo rugiceps Konow, 1908; Tenthredo segrega Konow, 1908; Peus splendidus Konow 1907; Tenthredo suta Konow, 1906. Peus cupreiceps Konow, 1907, is considered to be a valid species. New synonymy is proposed for Tenthredo ( Metallopeus ) cupreiceps (Konow, 1907), comb. nov., spec. rev. (= Metallopeus cupreolus Malaise, 1945, syn. nov.; = Metallopeus inermis Malaise, 1945, syn. nov.) .


Introduction
In the course of a SYNTHESYS project, the first author studied in 2012 the sawfly collection of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid (MNCN). The Symphyta specimens in this collection were collected mainly during the end of the 19 th and first decades of the 20 th century. Important collectors of this period were Ricardo García Mercet (1860( -1933 . 01), Manuel Martínez de la Escalera (1867( -1949, and José María Dusmet y Alonso (1869-1960) (Martín Albaladejo, 2004); in fact, most of the specimens listed in this catalogue came to the MNCN entomology collection through Escalera. Whereas Mercet and Escalera never published about sawflies, Dusmet wrote two important papers about the Spanish Symphyta (Dusmet 1896(Dusmet , 1949 and described a new species. Most of the species that are treated below were described between 1894 and 1908 by Friedrich Wilhelm Konow (1842-1908) based on material he got via Dusmet from the MNCN. Frequently, Konow kept specimens (syntypes) of his new species in his collection (now housed in the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, SDEI). In his papers it is not always immediately clear, where the types are housed. For example, a remark about the types of Allantus asperatus can be found some pages after its description, below Tenthredo suta: "Die beiden neuen Tenthredo-Arten sowie den All. asperatus verdanke ich Herrn Prof. R. Mercet, in dessen Sammlung sich die Typen befinden." [translated: 'For the two new Tenthredo species, as well as the All. asperatus I am indebted to Prof. R. Mercet, in whose collection are the types.']. In several cases, there is no indication on the whereabouts of the types, except for a remark by Konow that he got the material through Dusmet, Mercet, or Escalera. Such remarks were frequently overlooked by subsequent authors. As a result, some lectotypes were selected in the past from the Konow collection (=SDEI) instead of the MNCN collection. As the specimens in Konow's collection are to be considered as syntypes, these actions are valid, and the specimens in the MNCN thus became paralectotypes. Until now, most of Konow's types in the MNCN have obviously not been examined since the description of the species. The subsequent interpretation of the taxa was based either on the original description, or on the syntypes housed in Konow's collection in the SDEI (compare Malaise 1945, Saini 2007.

Material and methods
The treated species are usually rather large and colorful. In most cases, the photographs of the lectotypes will provide sufficient information to enable future checks on the placement of the taxa to be made. Furthermore, the information about the state of preservation at the time of examination, as well as the data of the attached labels can be taken easily from the given photographs. In addition to the figures given in the present paper, figures are presented at figshare.com. These figures may contain additional views, or are of specimens not figured in this paper. The permanent links (DOIs) to the high resolution figures at figshare.com are included here.
Photos were taken at the MNCN with a Leica DFC 420C digital camera attached to a M80 compound microscope, at the SDEI with a Leica DFC 495 camera and a M205 C microscope. Malaise's specimens were photographed at the NHRS with an Olympus DP70 camera attached to a SZX12 microscope. Composite images with an extended depth of field were created from stacks of images using the software CombineZ5.3, and finally arranged and partly enhanced with Ulead PhotoImpact X3. Complete views of larger specimens (body size > 10 mm) were arranged with Microsoft Image Composite Editor 1.4.4.
Numerous species which are treated here belong to the large genus Tenthredo Linnaeus, 1758, in a broader sense. Many Tenthredo species are not placed yet in subgenera (Taeger et al. 2010). Wherever possible, the Tenthredo species treated here were placed in a subgenus. These placements in subgenera are to be considered only as a technical help for the future reclassification of the genus and are not supported by phylogenetic analysis. In some cases the species are left unplaced.
The records in the list are structured as follows: • Original name with author and year of publication.
• Current placement of the nominal taxon, and if necessary the reference to its synonymy.
• Data of Types: Original name and reference. Original type status, number and sex of types, type locality as given in the original description. Information about the primary type, if necessary including reference to lectotype designation. Type locality according to the labels, including country and if changed, current name of the locality. Information on secondary types.
The sections on the nominal taxa are sorted in alphabetical order of the species-group name. The types in the Entomology collection of the MNCN bear two different numbers: "MNCN Cat. Tipos Nº…" identifies with one number all specimens of a type series housed in the MNCN. "MNCN_Ent …" is the individual number for each specimen.
In the MNCN collection are housed some types of species described by René Malaise, which are labeled as paratypes. Malaise's type specimens are usually labeled "Typus", "Paratypus" or "Allotypus". On the other hand, in the original descriptions frequently no type designation was made by Malaise, or such designations are not clear. In these cases the specimens labeled "Paratypus" are considered to be syntypes. Unfortunately, the whereabouts of many syntypes are unknown. Such specimens are already known from several museums. Where appropriate, lectotypes should be selected from the specimens left in the Malaise collection (NHRS). Discussion. Konow had more than one syntype to hand (he gave a body size range). Malaise (1945: 237, plate XV) considered the syntype in the SDEI to be a paratype, and labeled it accordingly. Saini also examined this specimen, and supposed the holotype and a paratype to be in the SDEI (Saini 2007). The apex of the abdomen of the paralectotype is missing. This species, hitherto unplaced within Tenthredo, belongs to the subgenus Olivacedo Zhelochovtsev, 1988. Tenthredo aericeps Konow, 1907 A valid species, Tenthredo aericeps Konow, 1907. Type. Tenthredo aericeps Konow, 1907b: 173-174. Syntype(s) ♀, "Sikkim". Lectotype ♀, hereby designated (MNCN_Ent 100187, MNCN Cat. Tipos Nº 8120, Fig. 06, see also http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/ m9.figshare.746972).Type locality: India, Sikkim.
Discussion. There are about 80 specimens of this species in the MNCN, partly labeled "Sikkim", partly without any label (most likely all from the same locality). Very likely these specimens are not former syntypes. Konow mentioned a body size of 10-11 mm; the specimens in the MNCN vary between 7.5 and 10.5 mm. Only one ♀ labeled as asperatus by Konow is considered by us to be a paralectotype (MNCN_Ent 100189). The male of the species is unknown.

Types. Netroceros bellicornis
Discussion. Koch (1998) assumed a "Holotypus". According to Art. 74.6. ICZN, he thus selected a lectotype, as it is not clear from the original description if Konow had more than one syntype.

Athalia bolivari Dusmet, 1896
A junior subjective synonym of Athalia circularis circularis (Klug, 1815), synonymy by Benson (1962 Discussion. Benson (1962: 365) synonymized A. bolivari with A. circularis. Fitton (1978: IV 5) listed the taxon as valid. Most likely the name was simply wrong formatted and should appear in this paper under circularis as a synonym. Aksoy et al. (1998) mentioned without further explanation larvae of A. bolivari on Capsella bursapastoris. The systematics of Athalia require further investigation. It is not unlikely that several species are currently confused under the name circularis. The type specimen is obviously a melanistic specimen. It is not quite clear if the type locality concerns the city itself, or the province A Coruña.  Periclista bumasta Konow, 1907 A valid species, Malkiatus bumastus (Konow, 1907 Discussion. Smith (2006) designated the type specimen as lectotype. Konow (1907a: 493) noted "Die Type befindet sich im Madrider Museum." [translated: 'The type is located in the Museum in Madrid']. This is a clear indication that he had only one specimen in his hands. Konow, 1907 A valid species, Neacidiophora calo (Konow, 1907 Discussion. Koch (1998) assumed a "Holotypus". According to Art. 74.6. ICZN, he thus selected a lectotype, as it is not clear from the original description if Konow had more than one syntype.

Megalodontes capitalatus
Discussion. The male syntype from the SDEI collection is selected as lectotype, as it was examined by previous workers and used to interpret the species. Tenthredopsis carinatus Malaise, 1931 A valid species, Tenthredopsis carinata Malaise, 1931. Types. Tenthredopsis carinatus Malaise, 1931:9  Discussion. Malaise distributed syntypes of T. carinatus to several museums. The specimens are labeled as paratypes, but according to the description they are syntypes. The lectotype should be selected from the remaining specimens in the NHRS collection.
Discussion. The other syntype(s) seem to be lost. In the SDEI only an original label attached to a pin could be found. Papers subsequent to the original description obviously always refer to the original description only. Saini (2007: 107) mentioned a ♀ holotype and a ♂ paratype in the SDEI ("IPAL, Eberswalde"). Such material does not exist. The species, hitherto unplaced within Tenthredo, belongs to the subgenus Olivacedo Zhelochovtsev, 1988.

Miocephala chalybea
Types. Miocephala chalybea Konow, 1907b:163. Syntypes ♂ ♀, "Sikkim". Lectotype ♂, hereby designated (SDEI, Fig. 14 Discussion. Miocephala chalybea is the type species of Miocephala Konow, 1907, which is treated today as a synonym of Arge Schrank, 1802. Already its original description by Konow (1907b) caused some confusion. Both sexes of the taxon were described, but he mentioned only for the female: "Die weibliche Type ist Eigentum des National-Museums in Madrid" [translated: 'The female type is property of the National Museum in Madrid']. The deposition of the male type(s) was not mentioned, and therefore it is to be expected in Konow's collection (today at SDEI). Konow's note about the female type cannot be interpreted as a designation of a holotype. A male labeled by Konow is housed in the SDEI collection, and this specimen seems to be the only specimen of the species that was examined by subsequent authors (Malaise 1937a: "the type... Miocephala chalybea Knw ♂"; Oehlke & Wudowenz 1984: "1 ♂, Syntypus"; Saini & Thind 1995: "Holotype, Coll. Konow ...♂"). Futhermore, Saini & Thind (1995) claimed that the female of the species is unknown. All other mentions of chalybea seem to be based not on examined material, but on the papers cited above. Konow's redescription (Konow 1907e) is a translation of the Latin original description into German.
There are some discrepancies between the description and the available material. These concern primarily the coloration of the hind tibiae, that should be yellow ("tibiis posticis flavis"), and the body color, that should be black-blue ("nigro-coerulea"). In the male specimen the hind tibiae are very dark brown to black, and the thorax dorsally has a strong greenish tinge. On the other hand there is no doubt that the specimen is one of the syntypes, and Konow's description regarding the male is inaccurate. The question, if the two specimens are conspecific or not, must be left unanswered. It seems not unlikely that they represent the same species, but more specimens are needed to prove this assumption. As all subsequent papers about the status of Miocephala and chalybea are based on the male, this specimen was selected as lectotype, even if the description of the species does not completely fit the type specimen.
Arge congrua Konow, 1907 A valid species, Arge congrua Konow, 1907. Type. Arge congrua Konow, 1907c: 309  Discussion. Konow's description of cupreiceps contains no evidence that he had more than one specimen of the species to hand. Malaise (1945: 186) synonymized it with M. splendidus Konow (see below): "(l ♀, compared with both paratypes, kindly sent from Berlin and Madrid respectively)." The first author has seen these two "paratypes" in the NHRS, one labeled splendidus (http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.773063), the other cupreiceps (http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.773064). Both specimens belong to splendidus as noted by Malaise (Tenthredo splendida, Fig. 37 see below). On the other hand it is evident that both specimens were labeled subsequently by Dusmet, and not originally by Konow. It may be assumed that Dusmet mixed up the specimens of the taxa. Konow's description of cupreiceps is quite clear, as he describes the color of the head as coppery (and he derived the species name from this), whereas splendidus has a metallic green head. Malaise's cupreolus agrees very well with the type specimen of cupreiceps labeled by Konow (lectotype, MNCN), and therefore it is considered to be its junior synonym. Furthermore, Malaise described M. inermis, based on missing "mesosternal thorns". Otherwise, this taxon agrees with cupreiceps, and is known from the same locality (Gyangtse) as cupreiceps. There seem to be no further records of inermis. Saini (2007) recorded inermis for India, but characterized it as a species with (!) mesosternal thorns. His description fits normal cupreiceps. Morphological characters like the shape of the occipital carina, or the size of the tubercle in front of the front ocellus, seems to be rather variable in the group. The mesoscutellum of cupreiceps is slightly to very strongly pointed in the middle, in inermis nearly rounded. Variability in development of mesepisternal thorns is known to occur in other Palearctic species of Tenthredo, e.g., T. trunca Konow, 1908(Malaise 1945, or T. caucasica Eversmann, 1847 (Taeger 1985). It might be, that the reduction of the thorns is connected somehow to the body size, the inermis (para-)types are only about 13-14 mm long, the cupreolus types 14-15 mm, and the cupreiceps lectotype nearly 19 mm. We suppose that inermis falls within the variability range of cupreiceps, and therefore consider it as its junior synonym.

Allantus dusmeti Konow, 1894
A junior subjective synonym of Tenthredo (Elinora) baetica Spinola, 1843, synonymy with Elinora baetica by Benson (1968: 183 According to the reverse of the data label, this specimen was collected on 14-5- [190]2. Therefore, Benson's designation is invalid. Benson's systematic placement as a synonym of the highly variable Tenthredo baetica seems to be correct. Currently, it is considered to belong to the Iberian nominotypical subspecies (Taeger et al. 2010). The status of the more widely distributed subspecies Tenthredo (Elinora) baetica dominiquei (Konow, 1894b) is doubtful because of the overlapping distribution areas. It is not unlikely that dominiquei is a synonym of baetica, and that in this case subspecies cannot be separated.  Konow, 1905 A valid species, Corynis dusmeti (Konow, 1905).

Amasis dusmeti
Types. Amasis dusmeti Konow, 1905a: 242-243. Syntypes ♂ ♀, "Hispania et Algeria". The lectotype (Spain: Ciudad Real: Pozuelo de Calatrava) will be selected from material in the SDEI in the course of the revision of the genus (Jacobs et al., in prep. (Konow 1907a). The correct locality name for the male record is Pozuelo de Calatrava, "La Fuente" is the collector's name. The lectotype will be selected in the course of a revision of this difficult group (Mol, in prep.).

Megalodontes escalerai Konow, 1899
A valid species, Megalodontes escalerai Konow, 1899. Discussion. There is a contradiction in the type localities given by Konow (see above). No specimen labeled "Alexandrette" could be found, but specimens from Akbés and Jenidje Kale (a place close to Akbes, ca. 36.883°N, 36.467°E). Therefore the locality "Alexandrette" (Iskenderun) may be wrong. There are several similar species in the genus Megalodontes. The lectotype from Akbes in eastern Turkey represents a more densely punctured form of the species. The form from western Turkey (e.g., Termessos, 36.982°N, 30.463°E) which is currently considered conspecific, is usually clearly less sculptured.

Sciopteryx galerita Konow, 1907
A valid species, Tenthredo (Temuledo) galerita (Konow, 1907 Discussion. The species was not treated by Malaise (1945). Saini (2007: 11) noted: "For want of detailed account and difficulty in translating, T. galerita (Konow) could not be inducted into the key." Benson (1968: 187) examined the type specimen, and placed it in Tenthredo. Tenthredo galerita shows similarities with T. religosa Malaise, 1945, andT. contraria Malaise, 1945. Currently, it should be placed in the subgenus Temuledo Zhelochovtsev, 1988.  Konow, 1907 A valid species, Stromboceridea gratiosa (Konow, 1907 Discussion. The Latin description of the species contains an indication that Konow (1907a: 497) had more than one specimen to hand, as he gave a body size range from 8 to 8.5 mm. Furthermore he noted: "Die Type befindet sich im Naturhistorischen Nationalmuseum in Madrid" [translated: 'The type is housed in the Natural History National Museum in Madrid']. The latter is clearly a fixation of a holotype (MNCN). The specimen in the SDEI collection, labeled as paralectotype by Smith in 1976(Oehlke & Wudowenz, 1984 is-if it is considered to be a type specimen-a paratype.

Types. Allantus inguinalis
Discussion. Saini (2007: 116) implied that the paralectotype specimen from the SDEI is the holotype. The species is very similar to T. opposita (F. Smith, 1878) (= Fethalia nigra Cameron, 1902), the type species of Fethalia. Malaise (1945) considered Fethalia to be a subgenus of Tenthredo, but the tridentate clypeus (the only reason for subgeneric separation) seems to be a very weak character. In inguinalis, the clypeus is usually not tridentate. Currently, the species is not placed in a subgenus.
Discussion. There seem to be no further type specimens of this taxon in the MNCN collection.
Discussion. There is no indication in the original description, how many specimens Konow had to hand. Very likely it was a single female, which is selected here as lectotype. Apparently, after Konow (1908) nobody examined the type. Malaise (1945) followed only the original description, and Saini (207: 132) claimed that the type should be in the SDEI and is lost. The description given by Saini does not completely agree with the type specimen (e.g., several white marks on head and thorax). Possibly he treated a different species under the name T. mordax. Tenthredo mordax may be placed in the subgenus Tenthredella Rohwer, 1910.  Konow, 1904 A valid species, Megalodontes mundus Konow, 1904. Discussion. The taxon belongs to the Megalodontes cephalotes complex, and might be only a very pale form of cephalotes. Hitherto only known from the types, all collected on 7.7.1902 in Los Molinos near Madrid. This would be the westernmost locality known for cephalotes (except for a specimen from Beges, Cantabria). Very similar pale forms of cephalotes (forma f according to Taeger 2002) are known from the Spanish Pyrenees, but these are less sculptured than mundus. Megalodontes species usually show clear differences in their COI barcodes. Perhaps fresh specimens might help to clarify the status of the taxon.
Labidarge nimbata Konow, 1907 A junior subjective synonym of Scobina semifusca (Norton, 1867), synonymy by Smith (1992: 25 Smith (1992: 25) designated the specimen as lectotype. In his work Konow (1907d) described three species. For L. nimbata he noted "Die Type befindet sich im Naturhist. National-Museum in Madrid" [translated: 'The type is housed in the Natural History National Museum in Madrid'], similar for L. pullipennis, whereas he noted for L. tegularis "Die Typen gleichfalls im Madrider Museum" ['The types are also in the Museum in Madrid']. From this content is clear, that the first two species are based on holotypes, and tegularis on syntypes.
Discussion. Saini (2007: 134) erroneously noted that the holotype ♀ and a ♀ paratype should be in the SDEI.
Discussion. Both, in MNCN and ZSM, specimens are to be found, which were apparently subsequently labeled as "´Type" or "Paratype". The MNCN specimen was labeled by Dusmet. Enslin (1916: 417-418) described only females, and claimed that the larva and the males are unknown. Forsius (1921) noted that the type material was reared in 1909 and 1910, and that he also got males. But obviously, this was unknown to Enslin. Forsius (1921) also noted that he reared the species again in 1919, and described the larva and the male. Therefore, all males, and all specimens labeled "ex larva" in addition to the type label, are very likely not part of the type series. The ♀ specimen from ZSM is currently the only known type specimen with Enslin's identification label. Perhaps more female syntypes may be found in RFT. A lectotype designation should be made in the course of the revision of this difficult group.
Types. Allantus rupico Konow, 1908: 21-22 Discussion. Apparently, after Konow (1908) nobody examined the type(s) of segrega. Most likely it was a single female, which is selected here as lectotype. Malaise (1945) used only the original description, and Saini (2007: 56) followed Malaise. Their descriptions are somewhat misleading, as the species is characterized by them among other things by its completely black mesopleura. In reality, the mesopleura are mainly pale (green in life), only black in the upper corner (given as "pleurorum suturis et mesopleurorum summo apice subalari nigris" in Konow, 1908). The species belongs to the subgenus Eurogaster Zirngiebl, 1953.
Discussion. So far, the four specimens from MNCN have not been examined. These are also to be considered as paralectotypes.
Discussion. Konow (1907d) assumed "Coca" to be a locality in Brazil, but it is a place in Ecuador. The green labels with the data of Pacific's expedition were added as a result of a project cataloguing the insects collected in that Expedition (Santos Mazorra, 1994).