Porcine gastroenteric viruses: pathogenesis and protection

Abstract

The complexity of known porcine coronaviruses (CoVs) has considerably increased. To the classical transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) known since 1946, its deletion mutant with an exclusive respiratory tropism, the porcine respiratory CoV (PRCV), and the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), several emerging CoVs have been added. These CoVs include the highly virulent PEDV virus that emerged in China in 2010 and in the States around three years later, the porcine delta CoV (PDCoV) that was identified for the first time in 2012 and, more recently, the swine enteric CoV, a novel recombinant virus with the backbone of TGEV and the spike (S) protein from PEDV. Although this virus has been reported for the first time in January 2016 in Italy (Boniotti et al., 2016), and soon later (February 2016) in Germany (Akimkin et al., 2016), it was already present in swine samples circulating as early as in 2009. This augmented complexity of porcine CoVshas complicated the diagnostic of this family of viruses.