2024-03-29T05:59:42Zhttp://digital.csic.es/dspace-oai/requestoai:digital.csic.es:10261/1308402020-04-14T10:34:58Zcom_10261_5063com_10261_5col_10261_5066
DIGITAL.CSIC
author
García Ramón, María Teresa
author
Kaczerewska, Olga
author
Ribosa, Isabel
author
Brycki, Bogumil
author
Materna, Paulina
author
Drgas, Malgorzata
funder
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)
2016-04-07T08:49:05Z
2016-04-07T08:49:05Z
2016-07
Chemosphere
http://hdl.handle.net/10261/130840
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.109
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003329
Aerobic biodegradability and aquatic toxicity of five types of quaternary ammonium-based gemini surfactants have been examined. The effect of the spacer structure and the head group polarity on the ecological properties of a series of dimeric dodecyl ammonium surfactants has been investigated. Standard tests for ready biodegradability assessment (OECD 310) were conducted for C12 alkyl chain gemini surfactants containing oxygen, nitrogen or a benzene ring in the spacer linkage and/or a hydroxyethyl group attached to the nitrogen atom of the head groups. According to the results obtained, the gemini surfactants examined cannot be considered as readily biodegradable compounds. The negligible biotransformation of the gemini surfactants under the standard biodegradation test conditions was found to be due to their toxic effects on the microbial population responsible for aerobic biodegradation. Aquatic toxicity of gemini surfactants was evaluated against Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity values to Daphnia magna, IC50 at 48 h exposure, ranged from 0.6 to 1 mg/L. On the basis of these values, the gemini surfactants tested should be classified as toxic or very toxic to the aquatic environment. However, the dimeric quaternary ammonium-based surfactants examined result to be less toxic than their corresponding monomeric analogs. Nevertheless the aquatic toxicity of these gemini surfactants can be reduced by increasing the molecule hydrophilicity by adding a heteroatom to the spacer or a hydroxyethyl group to the polar head groups.
eng
openAccess
Gemini surfactants
Spacer
Aerobic biodegradation
Mineralization
Aquatic toxicity
Daphnia magna
Biodegradability and aquatic toxicity of quaternary ammonium-based gemini surfactants: Effect of the spacer on their ecological properties
artículo
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URL
https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/130840/1/CSIC_Chemosphere_2016.pdf
File
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CSIC_Chemosphere_2016.pdf
URL
https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/130840/4/CSIC_Chemosphere_2016.pdf.txt
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text/plain
CSIC_Chemosphere_2016.pdf.txt